This section describes the causes and types of damage to audio, video and data recording media and the preventive conservation strategies that reduce the risks of damage. Causes of damage to audio, video and data recording media and preventive conservation strategies A disassembled USB flash drive showing the data storage chip, which is composed of millions of memory cells. © Government of Canada, Canadian Conservation Institute. Since then, tapes for recording audio, video and data have been produced using different magnetic materials and on a variety of base materials (Figure 3). Magnetic tape for recording was first introduced in 1935 when sound was recorded on moving cellulose acetate tape. Magnetic media are read by magnetic heads and include tapes and disks. Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and a small percentage of fillers Only grooved discs that could be played back immediately after recording least stable of the grooved discs Main audio format of the first half of the 20th centuryĪluminum base (sometimes glass, steel or cardboard) with primarily a cellulose nitrate lacquer Various mineral substances held together by shellac or similar binding material Table 1: a description of some grooved disc types Disc type A variety of grooved discs have been produced, some of which are described in Table 1. As with cylinders, a needle or stylus is used to track the groove in the disc in order to create sound. Grooved music discs first appeared in 1888. The production of cylinders ceased in 1929.
Some of the mass replicated cylinders were made from cellulose nitrate plastic on a cardboard or plaster core. In 1901, a mass production process was developed and the grooves were moulded into harder wax. The recording was then played via mechanical playback with a needle. Early wax cylinders were made by a needle that engraved sound waves into soft wax. Shortly afterwards, music cylinders made of cardboard with a wax coating were pioneered by Alexander Graham Bell. Edison produced the first recording of a human voice on a tinfoil cylinder phonograph. Grooved media includes all types of music cylinders and music discs (Figures 1a, 1b and 2). Each type is made quite differently and is susceptible to damage in unique ways.
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List of abbreviations and symbols Abbreviations BD-R Blu-ray Disc–recordable BD-RE Blu-ray Disc–rewritable CCI Canadian Conservation Institute CD compact disc CD-R compact disc–recordable CD-ROM compact disc–read only memory CD-RW compact disc–rewritable DVD digital versatile disc DVD-R and DVD+R recordable digital versatile disc DVD-RAM digital versatile disc–random access memory (rewritable) DVD-ROM digital versatile disc–read only memory DVD-RW and DVD+RW rewritable digital versatile disc ISO International Organization for Standardization MO magneto-optical PDD professional data disc PDF portable document format PVC poly(vinyl chloride) RH relative humidity SSD solid state drive UDO ultra-density optical USB Universal Serial Bus VHS video home system WORM write-once, read many Symbols ☌ degree Celsius Understanding audio, video and data recording mediaĪudio, video and data recording media can be classified into four categories: grooved audio media (music cylinders and music discs) magnetic audio, video and data media (tapes and disks) optical audio, video and data discs (CDs, DVDs, Blu-rays, etc.) and flash digital media (flash cards, USB flash drives or sticks, solid state drives, also known as SSDs). Magnetic material shedding from videotape.Examples of preventive conservation practices.Damage and strategies for preservation by agent of deterioration.Preserving content and content migration.Preserving audio, video and data recording media: issues and challenges.Causes of damage to audio, video and data recording media and preventive conservation strategies.Understanding audio, video and data recording media.This section presents key aspects of managing the care of audio, video and data recording media materials in heritage collections based on the principles of preventive conservation and risk management. Caring for audio, video and data recording media is part of CCI’s Preventive conservation guidelines for collections online resource.
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